Dineobellator notohesperus

March 29, 2020, 9:09 pm

Dineobellator notohesperus Jasinski et al., 2020

Systematics: Dinosauria Saurischia Theropoda Eumaniraptora Dromaeosauridae Velocirpatorinae
Size: 2.5 m
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Cretaceous, Naashoibito Member, Ojo Alamo Formation (Early Maastrichtian) New Mexico, US
Type Specimen: SMP VP-2430, disarticulated skeletal elements

This is a newly described species of Velociraptorine from the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico. It is known from small bits of the skull and postcranial skeleton, including the ulna showing quill knobs, an indication of the presence of feathers.

March 29, 2020

References:

Jasinski, S.E., Sullivan, R.M. & Dodson, P. New Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from New Mexico and Biodiversity of Dromaeosaurids at the end of the Cretaceous. Sci Rep 10, 5105 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61480-7

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus

April 4, 2020, 8:11 pm

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Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare, 1824

Systematics: Sauropterygia Plesiosauria Plesiosauroidea Plesiosauridae
Size: 3.5 m
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Jurassic, Black Ven Marl Member, Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lias Group (Late Sinemurian) Lyme Regis, England, UK
Type Specimen: BMNH 22656, almost complete articulated skeleton

This first fossil, an almost complete skeleton, of this marine reptile was found by Mary Anning in 1823 in Dorset, near Lyme Regis. Plesiosaurus is the archetypal small-headed long-necked plesiosaur, known from multiple specimens from the Lias of southern England. The genus Plesiosaurus has been a wastebasket taxon, but only one species, P. dolichodeirus is recognized today.

April 4, 2020

References:

Conybeare, W. D. (1824). On the Discovery of an almost perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2(2), 381-389.

Vincent, P., & Taquet, P. (2010). A plesiosaur specimen from the Lias of Lyme Regis: the second ever discovered plesiosaur by Mary Anning. Geodiversitas, 32(3), 377-390.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Charmouth Mudstone Formation

April 5, 2020, 9:43 pm

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Vertebrate fauna of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation of England, UK

Type Horizon and Locality: Early Jurassic, Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lias Group (Late Sinemurian - Early Pliensbachian) Lyme Regis, England, UK

The Charmouth Mudstone Formation in Dorset, England, is known from several fossils of marine reptiles. It contains some remains of dinosaurs, including Scelidosaurus and an unamed tetanuran theropod. Fish include the bizarre chimaerid Myriacanthus.

Represented here:
Archaeonectrus rostratus (Owen, 1865), a short-necked plesiosaur
Attenborosaurus conybeari (Solas, 1881), a plesiosaur named after Sir David Attenborough
Ichthyosaurus anningae Lomax & Massare, 2015, a late species of Ichthyosaurus named after Mary Anning
Myriacanthus paradoxus Agassiz, 1837, an odd looking ancient relative of the ratfish
Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare, 1824, the archetypal long-necked plesiosaur
Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861, a quadrupedal and facultative bipedal armored ornithischian dinosaur

April 5, 2020

References:

Conybeare, W. D. (1824). On the Discovery of an almost perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2(2), 381-389.

Lomax, D. R., & Massare, J. A. (2015). A new species of Ichthyosaurus from the Lower Jurassic of West Dorset, England, UK. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35(2), e903260.

Martill, D. M., Batten, D. J., & Loydell, D. K. (2000). A new specimen of the thyreophoran dinosaur cf. Scelidosaurus with soft tissue preservation. Palaeontology, 43(3), 549-559.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Tanyrhinichthys mcallisteri

June 22, 2020, 2:53 pm

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Tanyrhinichthys mcallisteri Gottfried, 1987

Systematics: Actinopterygii
Size: 15 cm
Type Horizon and Locality: Upper Pennsylvanian, Tinajas Member, Atrasado Formation (Missourian), Bernalillo County, New Mexico, US
Type Specimen: KUVP 83503, nearly complete articulated specimen

This Carboniferous ray-finned fish was originally thought to be an ambush predator akin to modern pikes. A recent study shows that it was a bottom-dweller instead occupying the ecological niche of modern sturgeons. It was however neither related to sturgeons nor to pikes, superficial similarities to the former being an effect of convergent evolution.

June 22, 2020

References:

Gottfried, M. D. (1987). A new long-snouted actinopterygian fish from the Pennsylvanian of north-central New Mexico. New Mexico Journal of Science, 27(1), 7.

Stack, J., Hodnett, J.-P., Lucas S. G. and Sallan, L. (2020) Tanyrhinichthys mcallisteri, a long-rostrumed Pennsylvanian ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and the simultaneous appearance of novel ecomorphologies in Late Palaeozoic fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Enaliarctos mealsi

June 27, 2020, 10:53 pm

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Enaliarctos mealsi Mitchell & Tedford, 1973

Systematics: Mammalia Carnivora Pinnipeda Enaliarctidae
Size: 1.5 m
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Oligocene, Pyramid Hill Member, Jewett Formation (Chattian), Kern County, California, US
Type Specimen: LACM 4321, cranial fragment

Until the discovery in 2009 of the otter-like Puijila, Enaliarctos ("bear of the sea") was considered the oldest known and most archaic pinniped and the probable ancestor of seals, sea lions and walruses. It was already well adapted for an aquatic life and used both forelimbs and hindlimbs for swimming. A nearly complete skeleton of the type species, E. mealsi has been described in 1989.

June 27, 2020

References:

Berta, A., Ray, C. E., & Wyss, A. R. (1989). Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped, Enaliarctos mealsi. Science, 244(4900), 60-62.

Mitchell, E., & Tedford, R. H. (1973). The Enaliarctinae: a new group of extinct aquatic Carnivora and a consideration of the origin of the Otariidae. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 151, article 3.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Kolponomos newportensis

June 28, 2020, 1:13 pm

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Kolponomos newportensis Tedford et al., 1994

Systematics: Mammalia Carnivora Amphicynodontidae
Size: 1.2 m
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Miocene, Nye Formation (Burdigalian), Lincoln County, Oregon, US
Type Specimen: USNM 215070, partial skull

With teeth and jaws built for crushing seashells, this enigmatic animal was probably semi-aquatic. It is essentially known by its skull, but some limited postcranial materials indicate that it probably walked on four legs and would have therefore been a coastal inhabitant of the ancient Pacific North West. Initially described as belonging to the raccoon family, it was later surmised to be more closely related to bears. Current hypothesis is that it sits somewhere on the evolutionary tree that lead to seals and sea lions. Generally represented as a bear-like creature, I chose to give it here a more otter-like body.

June 28, 2020

References:

Tseng, Z. J., Grohé, C., & Flynn, J. J. (2016). A unique feeding strategy of the extinct marine mammal Kolponomos: convergence on sabretooths and sea otters. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1826), 20160044.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Lemurosaurus pricei

July 3, 2020, 10:23 pm

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Lemurosaurus pricei Broom, 1949

Systematics: Synapsida Therapsida Biarmosuchia Burnetiamorpha
Size: 1 m
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Permian, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Beaufort Group (Wuchiapingian) South Africa
Type Specimen: BP/1/816, a skull

Lemurosaurus ("Lemur Lizard") is a small primitive therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. It was originally described based on a poorly preserved skull and thought to be related to Ictidorhinus. A second better preserved specimen showed that it is a Burnetiamorph.

July 3, 2020

References:

Sidor, C. A., & Welman, J. (2003). A second specimen of Lemurosaurus pricei (Therapsida: Burnetiamorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(3), 631-642.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Proburnetia viatkensis

July 3, 2020, 10:31 pm

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Proburnetia viatkensis Tatarinov, 1968

Systematics: Synapsida Therapsida Biarmosuchia Burnetiamorpha Burnetiidae
Size: 1.5 m
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Permian, Proelginia permiana zone (Late Severodvinian) Vologda, Russia
Type Specimen: PIN 2416/1, partial skull

This primitive carnivorous therapsid is characterized by bumps on the nose, above the eyes and at the back of the head. It is known from a single skull mold from the Late Permian of Russia.

July 3, 2020

References:

Rubidge, B. S., & Sidor, C. A. (2002). On the cranial morphology of the basal therapsids Burnetia and Proburnetia (Therapsida: Burnetiidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(2), 257-267.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Euryzygoma dunense

July 3, 2020, 10:44 pm

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Euryzygoma dunense (De Vis, 1888) Longman, 1921

Systematics: Marsupialia Diprotodontia Diprotodontidae
Size: 2.5 m long, 1.6 m high
Type Horizon and Locality: Pliocene, Chinchilla Local Fauna, Queensland, Australia
Type Specimen: QM F376, left mandible

This giant wombat had some peculiar cheekbones perhaps used for sexual display.

July 3, 2020

References:

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Anagale gobiensis

July 4, 2020, 4:57 pm

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Anagale gobiensis Simpson, 1931

Systematics: Mammalia Euarchontoglires Glires Anagaloidea Anagalidae
Size: 30 cm
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Oligocene, Ulan Gochu Formation, Nei Mongol, China
Type Specimen: AMNH 26079, a skull

The Anagaloids form a small group of rather poorly known extinct animals. They are believed to be the precursors of rabbits (lagomorphs) and rodents. Anagale, the type genus, was probably digging for worms and other small invertebrates with their clawed paws.

July 4, 2020

References:

Simpson, G. G. (1931). A new insectivore from the Oligocene, Ulan Gochu horizon, of Mongolia. American Museum novitates; no. 505.

McKenna, M. C. (1963). New evidence against tupaioid affinities of the mammalian family Anagalidae. American Museum novitates; no. 2158.

All illustrations on this site are copyrighted to Nobu Tamura. The low resolution versions of the images are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meaning that you are free to use them as long as you properly credit the author (© N. Tamura). High resolution versions are available upon request. Questions: contact me at nobu dot tamura at yahoo dot com.

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Procoptodon goliah

July 5, 2020, 5:22 pm

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Procoptodon goliah (Owen, 1845) Owen, 1873

Systematics: Mammalia Marsupialia Diprotodontia Macropodidae Sthenurinae
Size: 2 m high
Type Horizon and Locality: Pleistocene, Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Type Specimen: BMNH M1896, partial right maxilla

The genus Procoptodon ("forward hill tooth") includes the largest kangaroo that ever lived, P. goliah. This short-faced browser was too big to be able to hop and it was proposed that it walked on its two legs the way humans do. The front paws had two unusually long fingers, and the each foot ended with a single large claw.

July 5, 2020

References:

Owen, R. (1873). VIII. On the fossil mammals of Australia. Family Macropodidæ. Genera Macropus, Pachysiagon, Leptosiagon, Procoptodon, and Palorchestes.—Part IX. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 21(139-147), 386-387.

Janis, C. M., Buttrill, K., & Figueirido, B. (2014). Locomotion in extinct giant kangaroos: were sthenurines hop-less monsters?. PloS one, 9(10), e109888.

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Astrapotherium magnum

July 12, 2020, 10:39 am

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Astrapotherium magnum (Owen, 1853)

Systematics: Mammalia Meridiungulata Astrapotheria Astrapotheriidae
Size: 2.5 m long
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Miocene, Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian) Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Type Specimen: MACN A 52-524 (Lectotype) right mandibular fragment

Astrapotherium ("Lightning beast") was a peculiar mammal from the Miocene South America which probably looked like a cross between an hippopotamus and a tapir, although unrelated to either. Nostrils high on the skull indicate it had a trunk. Originally named Nesodon magnus based on a molar by Richard Owen, the type species, A. magnum is today known from relatively complete fossils and have been found in both Argentina and Chile.

July 12, 2020

References:

Scott, W. B. (1937). The Astrapotheria. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 309-393.

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Carodnia vieirai

July 12, 2020, 12:31 pm

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Carodnia vieirai Paula Couto, 1952

Systematics: Mammalia Meridiungulata Xenungulata Carodniidae
Size: 1.6 m long
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Eocene, Itaboraí Formation (Itaboraian) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Type Specimen: DGM 333-M, fragmentary maxilla

The Xenungulates form a small enigmatic group of medium size mammals from the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene of South America. They are generally placed among the meridiungulates showing similarities in dentition with the the South American pyrotheres and astrapotheres, but also with the dinocerates of North America and Asia. Carodnia vieirai is the best known representative.

July 12, 2020

References:

Paula Couto, C. D. (1952). Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litopterna, Xenungulata and Astrapotheria. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 99, article 6.

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Scutellosaurus lawleri

September 7, 2020, 6:18 pm

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Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981

Systematics: Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora
Size: 1.2 m long
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Jurassic. Silty Facies Member, Kayenta Formation (Sinemurian) Coconino County, Arizona, US
Type Specimen: MNA P1.175, partial skeleton

This small armored dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Arizona was a basal thyreophoran, a group that includes the stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. It had an extremely long tail and a body covered with tiny scutes. At least two specimens are known.

September 7, 2020

References:

Colbert, E. H. (1981). A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53:1-61

Rosenbaum, J. N., & Padian, K. (2000). New material of the basal thyreophoran Scutellosaurus lawleri from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. PaleoBios, 20(1), 13-23.

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Shantungosaurus giganteus

September 9, 2020, 7:36 pm

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Shantungosaurus giganteus Hu, 1973

Systematics: Dinosauria Ornithischia Ornithopoda Hadrosauridae Saurolophinae Edmontosaurini

Size: 15 m long
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Cretaceous, Xingezhuang Formation, Wangshi Group (Campanian) Shandong, China
Type Specimen: GMV V.1780-1, partial skull

With an estimated length of about 15 meters long, Shantungosaurus ("Shandong lizard") is the largest known bird-hipped (ornithischian) dinosaur. Belonging to the family dubbed "duck-billed dinosaur", it is closely related to the North American Edmontosaurus.

September 9, 2020

References:

Xing, H., Zhao, X., Wang, K., Li, D., Chen, S., Mallon, J. C., ... & Xu, X. (2014). Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationship of Edmontosaurus and Shantungosaurus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and East Asia. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition, 88(6), 1623-52.

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Mirarce eatoni

May 31, 2021, 3:58 pm

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Mirarce eatoni Atterholt et al., 2018

Systematics: Dinosauria Saurischia Theropoda Avialae Enanthiornithes Avisauridae

Size: 1.2 m long
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Cretaceous, Kaiparowits Formation Campanian) Garfield County, Utah, US
Type Specimen: UCMP 139500, a partial skeleton

This turkey-size "opposite" bird (enantiornithe) is the most complete of its kind found in North America. The fossil was uncovered in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument of Utah, and has been deposited in the collection of the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, CA.

December 28, 2018

References:

Atterholt, J., Hutchison, J. H., & O’Connor, J. K. (2018). The most complete enantiornithine from North America and a phylogenetic analysis of the Avisauridae. PeerJ, 6, e5910.

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Bauria cynops

May 31, 2021, 6:50 pm

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Bauria cynops Broom, 1909

Systematics: Synapsida Therapsida Therocephalia Bauriidae Bauriinae

Size: 60 cmlong
Type Horizon and Locality: Middle Triassic, Cynognathus Assemblage zone, Burgersdorp Formation, Beaufort Group (Anisian) Eastern Cape, South Africa
Type Specimen: SAM 1333, a skull

Bauria was a small carnivorous therocephalian mostly known from skulls. It was named by Robert Broom in 1909 in honor of German Vertebrate Paleontologist George Baur.

May 31, 2021

References:

Brink, A. (1963). On Bauria cynops Broom. Palaeontologia africana, 8, 39-56.

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Argyrolagus palmeri Ameghino, 1904

June 10, 2021, 6:02 pm

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Argyrolagus palmeri Ameghino, 1904

Systematics: Mammalia Metatheria Marsupialiformes Polydolopimorphia Argyrolagidae

Size: 15-20 cm long without the tail
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Pliocene, Monte Hermoso Formation, near Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Type Specimen: a jaw fragment with teeth

Argyrolagus was a small animal with legs adapted for jumping. It had large eyes indicating it was probably nocturnal. The "silver bunny" (this is what the name Argyrolagus means ...) was unrelated to modern rabbits but a member of a small group of completely extinct South American metatherian mammals, distantly related to modern marsupials (kangourous, koalas, opossums, ..).

June 9, 2021

References:

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Cladosictis patagonica

June 11, 2021, 8:12 pm

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Cladosictis patagonica Ameghino, 1887

Systematics: Mammalia Metatheria Marsupialiformes Sparassodonta Hathliacynidae

Size: 75 cm long without the tail
Type Horizon and Locality: Early Miocene, Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian) Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Type Specimen: MLP 11-103, a left maxilla fragment with teeth

Known from skeletons of at least three individuals, this South American small active predator was a member of the Sparassodont clade, related to marsupials. I was probably mostly terrestrial but was able to climb trees.

June 10, 2021

References:

Argot, C. (2003). Postcranial functional adaptations in the South American Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria): Cladosictis, Pseudonotictis and Sipalocyon. Alcheringa, 27(4), 303-356.

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Teraterpeton hrynewichorum

June 13, 2021, 5:11 pm

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Teraterpeton hrynewichorum Sues, 2003

Systematics: Reptilia Archosauromorpha Crocopoda Allokotosauria Trilophosauria Trilophosauridae

Size: 1.2 m long
Type Horizon and Locality: Late Triassic, Evangeline Member, Wolfville Formation, Chatham Group (carnian) Nova Scotia, canada
Type Specimen: NSM 999GF041, a partial skeleton including an almost complete kull

This bizarre reptile (the name means "wonderful creeping creature") from the Late Triassic of Nova Scotia had an elongated toothless snout, bony projections in front of the eyes and large nostrils.

June 13, 2021

References:

Sues, H. D. (2003). An unusual new archosauromorph reptile from the Upper Triassic Wolfville Formation of Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40(4), 635-649.

Pritchard, A. C., & Sues, H. D. (2019). Postcranial remains of Teraterpeton hrynewichorum (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) and the mosaic evolution of the saurian postcranial skeleton. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17(20), 1745-1765.

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